SOCIAL MEDIA
What do you think about social media?
What it has importance i n today’s era?
Is it something which has changed our lives? Let’s have a look upon it.
Social media is the social interaction among people in which they
create, share or exchange information and ideas in virtual communities and
networks.
Social media depends on mobile and web-based technologies to create
highly interactive platforms through which individuals and communities share, create,
discuss, and modify user-generated contents. They create substantial and
pervasive changes to communication between organizations, communities, and
individuals.
Social media differ from traditional media (Print media, Electronic
media,etc) in many ways, including quality, reach, frequency, usability,
immediacy, and permanence. Internet
users continue to spend more time with social media sites than any other type
of site. At the same time, the total time spent on social media in the U.S.
across PC and mobile devices increased by 37 % to 121 billion minutes in July
2012 compared to 88 billion minutes in July 2011.
Here are
few types of social media:
1.Collaborative projects (For
example, Wikipedia)
2.Blogs and microblogs (For
example, Twitter and Tumblr)
3.Content communities (For
example, YouTube and DailyMotion)
4.Social networking sites (For
example, Facebook)
Virality on Social Media
Some social media sites have greater virality - that is, users are
more likely to reshare content that has already been posted on the site by
another user, to their social network. Many social media sites provide specific
functionality to help users reshare content - for example, Twitter's retweet button, or Tumblr's
reblog function. This is of particular interest for viral marketing for
businesses, but also for nonprofit organisations and activists.
Some
features of Social Media
1.Quality: In industrial (traditional)
publishing, the typical range of quality is substantially narrower than in unmediated
markets. The distribution of quality has high variance: from very high-quality
items to low-quality also.
2. Reach: Industrial
media typically use a centralized framework for organization, production, and
dissemination, whereas social media are by their nature more decentralized, less hierarchical,
and distinguished by multiple points of production and utility.
3. Frequency: The
number of times an advertisement is displayed on social media platforms.
4. Accessibility: The
means of production for industrial media are typically government and/or
corporate (privately owned). Social media tools are generally available to the
public at little or no cost.
5. Usability: Most
social media production requires only modest reinterpretation of existing
skills. Anyone with access can operate on social media.
6.Immediacy: Social media is capable of virtually instantaneous responses.
7. Alterable: Social media can be altered almost instantaneously
by comments or editing.
Internet
usage effects
1.Consumers continue to spend more time on social networks than on any
other category of sites—roughly 20 % of their total time online via PC and 30 %
of total time online via mobile.
2.Facebook remains the most-visited social network in the
U.S. via PC (152.2 million visitors), mobile apps (78.4 million users) and
mobile web (74.3 million visitors).
3.51% of people aged 25–34 used social networking in the office, more
than any other age group.
4.While the computer is still the primary device used to access social
media despite dropping 4% in usage in 2012, the last year saw a significant
increase in usage, most notably through tablets from 3% to 16%, internet
enabled TVs from 2% to 4%.
5. In November 2011, it was reported Indians spend more time on social
media than on any other activity on the Internet.
Advantages
of Social Media
§ Social
networks are new way of staying in touch with the whole world.
§ It is now easier to keep in contact
with old friends and colleagues.
§ The
professional networking site LinkedIn even allows users to request introductions to business people who are known to their contacts. LinkedIn is a particularly valuable business
tool, over 200 million people are members, including hiring managers from many
top companies. Your profile is designed to function as an online resume,
detailing your education, career history (with recommendations from your
colleagues), and creative portfolio.
§ Freelancers
can find contacts via professional groups on LinkedIn and Twitter, while
business owners can make use of the large user bases of Facebook and Twitter to
market their products and services.
§ Online communities can be very diverse and expose you to many new
viewpoints, ideas, and opinions that you may not be familiar with.
Disadvantages
Of Social Media
§ Public
sharing of private lives has led to a rethinking of our current conceptions of
privacy.
§ Social
networking sites allow seemingly trivial gossips to be redistributed to a
worldwide audience, sometimes a rumour is shared.
§ The one potential risk of social networking cited most often
is that of hacking.
Incidents of profiles and accounts are being hacked.
§ While social media can help people / companies create good
image, it can also be used to tranish an image with false claims. A viral
social media post talking how a product can cause problems can lead to huge
losses to a firm.
§ All over the
world social media websites are used to get up close and personal without even
revealing the true identity.
CONCLUSION
Social networking is indeed boon
for human race because it is bringing people closer and letting them
communicate with each-other without any fear and barrier. But still one needs
to be cautious of what level of personal information they are providing on
social sites and how much time they are spending on it.
Posted By:
ROHIT CHAUDHARY
CS-2 3rd YEAR
rohitchaudhary29@gmail.com
website: www.scitechinfo.in
Cloud C
omputing
It is the delivery of computing as a service rather than a product, whereby shared resources, software, and information are provided to computers and other devices as a utility (like the electricity grid) over a network (typically the Internet).
Overview
Cloud computing relies on sharing of resources to achieve coherence and economies of scale. At the foundation of cloud computing is the broader concept of converged infrastructure and shared services.Cloud computing, or in simpler shorthand just "the cloud", also focuses on maximizing the effectiveness of the shared resources. Cloud resources are usually not only shared by multiple users but are also dynamically reallocated per demand. This can work for allocating resources to users.
For example, a cloud computer facility that serves European users during European business hours with a specific application (e.g., email) may reallocate the same resources to serve North American users during North America's business hours with a different application (e.g., a web server). This approach should maximize the use of computing power thus reducing environmental damage as well since less power, air conditioning, rackspace, etc. are required for a variety of functions. With cloud computing, multiple users can access a single server to retrieve and update their data without purchasing licenses for different applications.
History
The origin of the term cloud computing is unclear. The expression cloud is commonly used in science to describe a large agglomeration of objects that visually appear from a distance as a cloud and describes any set of things.In analogy to above usage the word cloud was used as a metaphor for the Internet and a standardized cloud-like shape was used to denote a network on telephony schematics and later to depict the Internet in computer network diagrams. With this simplification, the implication is that the specifics of how the end points of a network are connected are not relevant for the purposes of understanding the diagram. The cloud symbol was used to represent the Internet as early as 1994, in which servers were then shown connected to, but external to, the cloud.
References to cloud computing in its modern sense can be found as early as 1996, with the earliest known mention to be found in a Compaq internal document.
The popularization of the term can be traced to 2006 when Amazon.com introduced the Elastic Compute Cloud.
In the 1990s, telecommunications companies, who previously offered primarily dedicated point-to-point data circuits, began offering virtual private network (VPN) services with comparable quality of service, but at a lower cost. By switching traffic as they saw fit to balance server use, they could use overall network bandwidth more effectively. They began to use the cloud symbol to denote the demarcation point between what the provider was responsible for and what users were responsible for. Cloud computing extends this boundary to cover all servers as well as the network infrastructure.
In early 2008, Eucalyptus became the first open-source, AWS API-compatible platform for deploying private clouds.
In July 2010, Rackspace Hosting and NASA jointly launched an open-source cloud-software initiative known as OpenStack. The OpenStack project intended to help organizations offer cloud-computing services running on standard hardware. The early code came from NASA's Nebula platform as well as from Rackspace's Cloud Files platform.
On March 1, 2011, IBM announced the IBM SmartCloud framework to support Smarter Planet. Among the various components of the Smarter Computing foundation, cloud computing is a critical piece.
On June 7, 2012, Oracle announced the Oracle Cloud. While aspects of the Oracle Cloud are still in development, this cloud offering is posed to be the first to provide users with access to an integrated set of IT solutions, including the Applications (SaaS), Platform (PaaS), and Infrastructure (IaaS) layers.
Characteristics
The National Institute of Standards and Technology's definition of cloud computing identifies "five essential characteristics":
On-demand self-service
. A consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, as needed automatically without requiring human interaction with each service provider.
Broad network access.
Capabilities are available over the network and accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, tablets, laptops, and workstations).Resource pooling.
The provider's computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to consumer demand.Rapid elasticity.
Capabilities can be elastically provisioned and released, in some cases automatically, to scale rapidly outward and inward commensurate with demand. To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often appear unlimited and can be appropriated in any quantity at any time.Measured service.
Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and reported, providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilized service.
How cloud computing works..
Application
open the GATE!
G
|
raduate Aptitude Test in Engineering ( GATE ) is an all India examination that primarily tests the comprehensive understanding of the candidate in various undergraduate subjects in the
engineering / Technology / Architecture
and post- graduate level subjects
in Science. The Indian Institute of Science (IISc) and seven Indian Institutes of Technology (I I T s at Bombay, Delhi, Guwahati, Kanpur, Kharagpur,
Madras a n d Roorkee) jointly administer the conduct of GATE.The operations related to
G A T E I n each
of the 8 zones are managed by a zonal GATE Office
at the IITs or IISc. The Organizing
Institute in Is responsible f o r t
h e end - to -end process and coordination
among the administering
I n s t I t u t e s. The
Organizing Institute for GATE 2015
is IIT Kanpur. 
Duration
and Examination Type
The GATE examination
consists of a
single paper of 3 - hour
duration that c o n t a i n s 65 questions
carrying
a maximum of 100 marks. The question paper consists of both multiple choice questions (MCQ) and numerical answer
type questions. The examination for all the papers will be
carried out in an ONLINE Computer Based Test
(CBT) mode w h e r e t h e candidates will be shown t h e questions in a random
sequence on a computer
screen.
The candidates are required to
either select the answer (for MCQ type) or enter the answer f o r numerical answer type question using
a mouse on a virtual keyboard (keyboard
of the computer will be disabled).
Candidates will be
provided with scribble pad for
rough work and these have to be returned back after the examination. At the end of the 3-hour window, the computer
will automatically c l o s e the screen for further actions. The E n g i
n e e r i n g Mathematics will carry around 15% of the total
marks,
the General
Aptitude section will carry 15% of the total
marks and the remaining 70% of the total marks is devoted to the subject of the paper.
SYLLABUS :
Computer Science and Information Technology
Digital Logic: logic f u n c t i o n s, Minimization , Design and synthesis of combinations and sequential circuits; Number representation and
computer arithmetic (fixed and floating
point).
Computer Organization and Architecture: Machine instructions and addressing modes , A L U and data path, CPU control design, Memory interface, I/O interface
(Interrupt and DMA mode), Instruction pipe lining,
Cache and main memory, Secondary
storage.
Programming and Data Structures: Programming in C; Functions,
Recursion, Parameter passing, Scope, Binding; Abstract data types, Arrays,
Stacks, Queues, Linked Lists,Trees, Binary search trees, Binary heaps.
Algorithms Analysis,Asymptotic notation, Notions of space
and time complexity, Worst and average case analysis; Design: Greedy approach Dynamic programming , Divide
- a n d - conquer;
Tree and graph traversals, Connected components , Spanning trees , Shortest paths ; Hashing
, Sorting , Searching. Asymptotic analysis(best, worst,
average cases) of time and space, upper and lower b o u n
d s , Basic concepts of complexity classes – P , NP NP-hard, NP-complete.
Theory o f Computation
: Regular languages and finite
automata, Context free language and push-down automata, Recursively enumerable
sets and Turing machines, Undecidability.
C o m p I l e r Design:
Lexical
analysis, Parsing , S y n tax
directed translation, Run time environments,
Intermediate and target code generation, Basics of code optimization.
Operating System:Processes, Threads,
Inter process c o m m u n i c a t i
o n, Concurrency, Synchronization, Deadlock, CPU scheduling, Memory management and virtual memory, File systems
, I/O systems, Protection and security.
Databases: ER-model, Relational
model (relational algebra, t u p l
e calculus ) , Database design (integrity
constraints, normal forms), Query languages (SQL), File structures (sequential
files, indexing, B and B+ trees),
Transactions and concurrency control.
Information Systems and Software Engineering: information gathering, requirement and feasibility
analysis, data flow diagrams , process specifications, input/output design, process
life cycle, planning and managing
the
project, design, coding, testing,
implementation, maintenance.
Computer Networks: ISO/OSI stack, LAN
technologies (Ethernet, Token ring), Flow and error control techniques, Routing
algorithms, Congestion control, TCP/UDP and sockets, IP(v4),
Application layer
protocols (icmp, dns, smtp, pop, ftp, http); Basic concepts of hubs, switches,
gateways, and
routers. Network security – basic concepts of public key and private key
cryptography, digital
signature, firewalls.
Web technologies: HTML, XML, basic
concepts of client-server computing.
Getting good score in gate doesn't depend on which book u
follow. Study the books that u have been studying since 2nd year. Study the books that u
are most comfortable in .
For
securing good rank in gate u must have constant practice
on the problems and always stay in touch with gate study. For that purpose u
can join any coaching inst(like gate forum). There u will be in constant
practice. Also u must solve previous year gate questions and MUST take some all
India test series (normally starting from
October).
DISCRETE MATHEMATICS
1>>”Discrete maths and its applications” By Kenneth
Rosen
2>>book by Tremblay and Manohar
The explanation in this book is really very good and
“easy to understand”. This book is must read for GATE preps.
ALGORITHMS
1>>”Introduction to Algorithms” By T.H.Cormen et al.
This is “THE” book for Algorithms. The Book is simply
brilliant, it makes you understand every details of Algorithms
“Introduction to Computer Theory” By Daniel Cohen.
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
Korth and Navathe
OPERATING SYSTEMS
1>>Operating System Concepts By Galvin et al.
DIGITAL
DESIGN
Read “Digital Design” By morris mano [period]
COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
1>>”Computer Architecture” By Morris mano
2>>”Computer Organization” By Zacky,hamacher
3>>”Computer Organization Hardware/Software interface” By
Hennessey and Patterson
2>>”Computer Organization” By Zacky,hamacher
3>>”Computer Organization Hardware/Software interface” By
Hennessey and Patterson
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